What remedies are available if Europol unlawfully refuses to disclose or correct my data?

If Europol refuses access or correction without lawful justification, you have two primary remedies. First, you may file a complaint with the European Data Protection Supervisor under Article 44, who can order Europol to comply and impose corrective measures. EDPS decisions are typically issued within 6–12 months. Second, you may bring an action for annulment before the General Court of the European Union under Article 263 TFEU, seeking to invalidate Europol’s decision. Court proceedings take 18–24 months but can result in binding judgments and damages awards under Article 340 TFEU for unlawful data processing.