Can human rights arguments be raised in countries outside Europe that are not bound by the ECHR?

Yes. While the ECHR applies only to Council of Europe member states, equivalent protections exist under other frameworks. The UN Convention Against Torture binds over 170 states and prohibits refoulement to torture. The ICCPR provides fair trial and liberty protections enforceable through the UN Human Rights Committee. Many Commonwealth jurisdictions incorporate similar standards through domestic constitutional provisions. In Latin America, the Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights offer comparable mechanisms. The specific procedural route differs by jurisdiction, but the substantive arguments translate across legal systems.