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Many countries have constitutional or statutory prohibitions against extraditing their own nationals. Germany, France, Poland, and Brazil generally refuse to surrender citizens, though they may prosecute domestically instead under the principle of aut dedere aut judicare. Other states, including the UK and US, regularly extradite their nationals subject to treaty terms. Nationality-based protections often require formal proof of citizenship status at the time of the extradition request. Even where protection exists, it does not eliminate the underlying warrant—meaning travel restrictions and Interpol alerts may persist indefinitely until the matter is resolved.
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