What types of compensation can the CJEU award in cases against Europol?

Under Article 340 TFEU, the CJEU can award compensation for both material and non-material damage caused by Europol’s unlawful conduct. Material damages may include quantifiable financial losses such as legal costs incurred, lost employment, or business opportunities. Non-material damages cover reputational harm, psychological distress, and interference with private life. Awards vary significantly depending on the severity and duration of the violation; CJEU case law has awarded sums ranging from several thousand to tens of thousands of euros for data protection breaches by EU institutions.