What happens if Europol refuses my data access request or provides an incomplete response?

If Europol denies access or provides a partial response citing investigation confidentiality, you may file a complaint with the European Data Protection Supervisor within one year. The EDPS conducts an independent review and can compel Europol to disclose information or correct procedural violations. Simultaneously, you may bring an action before the Court of Justice of the European Union under Article 263 TFEU to annul Europol’s decision. EDPS proceedings typically take 6–18 months; CJEU litigation is longer but creates binding precedent. Both avenues can run in parallel and apply pressure on Europol to reassess its position.