What happens if a country ignores a Rule 39 interim measure from the ECtHR?

Violation of a Rule 39 measure constitutes a breach of Article 34 of the ECHR, which guarantees the right of individual petition. The ECtHR has held in multiple cases — including Mamatkulov v. Turkey — that ignoring interim measures undermines the entire Convention system. The Court will record this violation in any subsequent judgment, and the Committee of Ministers monitors compliance. However, enforcement remains diplomatic rather than coercive. If extradition proceeds despite Rule 39, the individual may still pursue a full ECtHR judgment awarding just satisfaction, though physical return is rarely achieved.