How do human rights conditions in a requesting country get evidenced before courts?

Courts require objective, credible evidence rather than general assertions. Key sources include UN Special Rapporteur reports, US State Department human rights assessments, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch documentation, and ECtHR pilot judgments identifying systemic issues. Expert witnesses — academics, former diplomats, or country specialists — provide testimony on prison conditions, judicial independence, or persecution patterns. Medical evidence of past torture strengthens individual claims. Courts apply the ‘real risk’ standard, meaning a substantial possibility rather than certainty. Documentation should be current; conditions reports older than 12–18 months may be challenged as outdated.

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