Can I challenge the sharing of my criminal record data between countries under data protection laws?

Data protection frameworks including the GDPR in the European Union and the UK Data Protection Act 2018 provide rights to access, rectify, and in limited circumstances restrict processing of personal data held in criminal databases. However, exemptions exist for national security and law enforcement purposes, significantly limiting challenge grounds. Successful interventions typically focus on demonstrating factual inaccuracies or arguing that data retention exceeds lawful necessity. Complaints may be lodged with the relevant supervisory authority, though remedies against international data transfers for law enforcement cooperation remain procedurally complex.