Can a country extradite me even without a formal treaty?

Yes, many countries retain discretionary powers to extradite individuals even absent a bilateral treaty, often through domestic legislation permitting case-by-case cooperation. The United States, for example, can extradite under certain conditions without a treaty if reciprocity is offered. Some states use multilateral conventions—such as the UN Convention Against Corruption—as a legal basis for extradition in corruption or organised crime cases. However, without treaty obligations, the requested state has broader discretion to refuse surrender. This creates strategic opportunities to challenge extradition on grounds that might otherwise be unavailable under mandatory treaty frameworks.

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